HOW HAS CHINA'S OUTWARD FDI DEVELOPED AND WHAT BUSINESS STATEGIES DOES Essay

HOW HAS CHINA'S OUTWARD FDI DEVELOPED AND WHAT BUSINESS STATEGIES DOES IT SERVE - Essay Example Since the establishment of this law, China has developed from a country with small reference for outward FDI, to an influential emerging nation. The development of China’s FDI policies can be divided into three phases; the first phase took place between 1979 to 1992, the second phase took place between 1993 to 2001, while the third phase has been ongoing since 2002. 1979 to 1992: Special economic zones. During this period, the joint venture law was enacted, followed by a number of accompanying laws aimed at directing the management and taxation of the Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs). The initial four Special Economic Zones (SEZ) were also established and this played a very significant role in encouraging the inflow of technology, managerial expertise, skills, and foreign investment. The government of China encouraged inflow of foreign investment into the special economic zones by offering a number of conveniences and special support in taxes. For example, the special econo mic zones enjoyed lower corporate income tax compared to other regions in China and additional tax holidays together with the FIEs, compared to those that the national tax legislation offered. Zheng (2013) points out that on top of the tax incentives, the government further broke down and rationalized official and conventional procedures, consequently reducing FIEs operation costs further. More SEZs were created, while the initial three Open Economic Zones were established in 1985, followed by others in the years that followed. 1993 to 2001: Transition period. China experienced a growth of its outward FDI between 1992 and 1993 (Zheng, 2013). As this happened, the government of China opened more cities to the outside world. Sectors such as finance, shipping, real estate, and domestic retail where foreign investment was previously forbidden were opened up to foreign investors. However, China suffered a reduction in the investment boom in 1994, due to unfavorable macroeconomic conditio ns, and despite the fact that the economy began to recover after this, it again fell due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Consequently, FIEs suffered lack of profitability, which was further exacerbated by the re-imposition of materials, equipment and machinery duties in 1995. The duty imposition policy was corrected in 1997 and foreign investment guidelines for industries were released by the state council in 1995 (Zheng, 2013). This was followed by division of industries into forbidden, restricted, or encouraged depending on their FDI status. Constant updating of the guidelines has taken place over the years mainly to promote environmental protection, encourage resource conservation, introduce advanced technology, and maintain a balance in regional economic development (Zheng, 2013). 2002 to present: Going global. After China’s acceptance into the World Trade Organization, there was an improvement in its inward FDI. This influenced the nation in becoming the number one d estination for foreign investment worldwide. In addition to this, the nation has also become a demanding source of outward FDI. This has been as a result of stimulation of outward FDI, high prices of goods, and the rapid economic growth within China. At the beginning of the twenty first century, the nation introduced a

Avoiding System Development Pitfalls in the IT Decision Making Dissertation

Avoiding System Development Pitfalls in the IT Decision Making Processes - Dissertation Example Likewise, a brief observation of these categorized characteristics of various applications, many categories have been projected. Sprague and Watson proposed the performance dimension of the systems can be categorized or can be divided in to four levels i.e. basic data processing systems, integrated data processing systems, management information systems and decision support systems (Hogue, 1985). However, the research and technology for the DSS continue to revolutionize and by 1996, Whinton and Holsapple proposed five particular types of DSS. These specialized DSS types were text-oriented DSS, database-oriented DSS, spread-sheet-oriented DSS, solver-oriented DSS, and rule-oriented DSS (Power,). Moreover, these last four DSS types were again divided into seven categories proposed by Arnott and Pervan (Burstein & Holsapple,). The seven categories are (Burstein & Holsapple,) personal DSS, group support systems, negotiation support systems, intelligent DSS, knowledge management-based DSS , executive information systems/business intelligence, and data warehousing. However, these sub categories overlaps with some of them but they introduced a diverse advancement of past research. Afterwards, these four levels were categorized as transaction processing systems (TPS), Management Information Systems (MIS) and Decision Support Systems (DSS). Information Technology has revolutionized. Business organization dependent on information systems, cater information for decision making. The revolutionized information technology completely modified the business structure and the information required for decision making process. A term called strategic management focuses on building a powerful competitive advantage. It also involves the development of corporate strategy along with the management of the organization according to that strategy (Strategic management.2007). The BRAC university has launched a world class Integrated library system (ILS) (BRAC university launches integrated library system koha dhaka, bangladesh — koha - open source ILS - integrated library system). It is â€Å"an interrelated group of computer programs that automates multiple library operations† (Ebenezer, 2002). The ILS will redefine customer services by advance information technology services that will enhance the process of delivering both electronic information and printed documents. Keeping in mind the long term perspective, the strategic goals for the ILS are constructed as: The infrastructure of the library will be enhanced and well maintained Maximizing the access to the customers for the printed information resources (not digital). Maximizing access to the customer of digital information resources. Establishing strategic affiliation with other libraries locally and globally including schools, colleges and universities. Build learning environments in all accessible locations connected with the library. The strategic goals are to define the library’s strate gic plan and as well as Information technology strategic plan. The current infrastructure has inadequate capacity, size and functionality which are not fulfilling user requirements. Current system has issues related to performance and functionality which is affecting the users. The system cannot be maintained as it needs to be re-designed. The decision for the replacement of the system was made because of

Marketing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Assignment - Essay Example â€Å"B2B transactions primarily target companies and other wholesale buyers† (Pollick). We can say that B2B marketing is one of the most cost effective ways to reach international customers. B2B transactions are generally high level and more logical as compared to C2B. In B2B marketing, marketers post a detailed offer regarding their products in order to find appropriate buyers for those products and the buyers decide to buy the products based on the offer. Whereas in C2B, sellers use online auction sites to place their products for bids and sell the products to the company who places the highest bid. B2B marketing is somewhat more complex as compared to C2B. The major difference between C2B and B2B is the types of parties involved in both modes of transactions. In C2B, a consumer sells something to some other business or a company, whereas in B2B, a business party, such as manufacturer or retailer sells products to other manufacturers or retailers using online auction sites in most cases. Works Cited Pollick, Michael. â€Å"What Is B2B?.† Wisegeek.com, 17 Apr. 2011. Web. 17 Jun. 2011.

Logistics Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Logistics Policy - Research Paper Example rategic design of structures and policies, as well as decision making dwelling on material and information flows, fashioned at supporting and enhancing competitive advantage (Waters, 2003). Strategic decisions hinge on aspects such as warehouses, distribution centres, as well as transportation modes to be employed. The logistics industry has undergone massive changes in recent decades, especially in areas of integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, packaging, material handling, and security; it is no longer home-based and functions in a global market. The North America Free Trade Agreement involves U.S., Canada, and Mexico, and entails harmonization of the members’ logistics policies and procedures, as well as making logistics systems interoperable. The size of U.S. economy and its geographical location have motivated the United States in taking a factual leadership position in matters regarding facilitation of intermodal logistics and transport within the region, inclusive of cross-border facilitation. The move towards a unified and interconnected modal system has been critical in the growth of logistics systems. Benefits arising from an integrated intermodal system include lower transport costs, lower environmental impact, enhanced national productivity, and efficiency. Intermodal transport and logistics is mainly driven by the industry via its search for the low cost solutions. Other factors playing a part include market deregulation and competition between shippers and carriers, which lead to a reduction in transport-related transaction costs for business (Murphy & Wood, 2010). The global sourcing of parts, goods and services, and raw materials has heightened the importance of logistic networks. Besides, trends towards internationalization and innovation have enhanced the need for organizations to be more alert and receptive to the contextual changes. The evolving trends in the creation of an international logistics hub demands

European Discovery of the Americas in 1492-1650 Assignment

European Discovery of the Americas in 1492-1650 - Assignment Example Trade started booming as English merchants got raw materials for their industries and the farmers and settlers found land to cultivate and a large land to put their large population. The lack of religious persecutions also made them opt to stay and start to develop this previously â€Å"bare and underdeveloped land.† With peace and stability prevailing in this new land while there was an increasing instability in the old one (at least the Europe part of it) and lack of political shenanigans, the new world‘s development soared and started even surpassing that of the old world (Elliot 25).The arrival of the Europeans in the Americas brought both negative and positive effects. The Colombian Exchange brought in animals (specifically livestock which were previously lacking in the Americas), some different varieties of crops and pets. These included cattle, horses, pigs and crops such as sugarcane which were planted in the southern part of the new world (which is now South Ame rica specifically the Dominican Republic and even Haiti). Since the new world also had its own unique products in the form of raw materials which were transported to Europe, trade began to grow which benefitted the new world more since its proceeds were used to invest more in their nation (Crosby 64).The negative effect brought by the arrival of the Europeans was that they brought with them diseases (these diseases included smallpox) that were previously nonexistent in that land. These strange diseases had no cure and they killed much of the population of the new world. They also brought much stronger weapons like the guns which could not be compared to the swords and arrows and they, therefore, killed many native Americans that tried to fight them much easier and faster. There was also an introduction of religion and new cultures which was both positive and negative (positive in that there was an emergence of religious diversity and negative as it led to the abolishment of the trad itional beliefs and cultures).

Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Case Analysis - Essay Example In relation to the case of Tratelemonioc, the appropriate remedy in response to the violation of NLRA is that the management should highly emphasize the participation of employees in terms of selecting issues committees or the members as well (National Labor Relations Board, 2014). The violation of NLRA does not mean reformation of the labor law in order to emphasize employee participation. In this case, adequate compliance with the NLRA policies and provisions regarding the formation of issues committees can lower the risk for the employees working in Tratelemonioc (National Labor Relations Board, 2014). With reference to an understanding of the case, the decision of the district court can be duly agreed in accordance with the overtime-pay requirement provisions in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 (Chamberlain, Kaufman and Jones, 2003). In relation to the policies of FLSA 1938, few occupations are exempted from the overtime pay with the purpose maintaining fair and equal pay distribution in response to the workload in the organization (Chamberlain, Kaufman and Jones, 2003). The most suitable ethical resolution to address the dilemma regarding the exemption from over-time pay in specific job profiles would be a process of compensating this particular group of employees. Providing reward for continuous contribution for working overtime can also be an effective ethical practice for the organization (United States Courts for the Ninth Circuit,

Human Rights, Law and Police Ethics in Ireland and India Essay

Human Rights, Law and Police Ethics in Ireland and India - Essay Example And they have organised this close similarity in their belief and adherence to democratic values into operational institutions of democratic practice such as the legislature, the executive and the judiciary, each deriving its power and authority from the constitutions that the people, in their respective constituent assemblies, have given to themselves. A unanimous opinion of scholarly commentators is that both the constitutions provide for the 'rule of law'. "... every official, from the Prime Minister down to a constable or a collector of taxes, is under the same responsibility for every act done without legal justification as any other citizen and all subordinates, though carrying out the commands of their official superiors, are as responsible for any act which the law does not authorise as is any private and unofficial person." (A V Dicey, Law of the Constitution,: MacMillan, London, 9th ed., 1950, p.194). An American interpretation of the Rule of Law equates it with the separation of powers between the three branches of government. Thus in exposing the theme the popular internet encyclopaedia Wikipedia, says: "In American law, the most famous exposition of the same principle (of Rule of Law) was drafted by John Adams for the constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in justification of the principle of separation of powers: "In the government of this commonwealth, the legislative department shall never exercise the executive and judicial powers, or either of them: the executive shall never exercise the legislative and judicial powers, or either of them: the judicial shall never exercise the legislative and executive powers, or either of them: to the end it may be a government of laws and not of men." Massachusetts Constitution, Part The First, art. XXX (1780)" (from Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, retrieved on May 25, 2006) Safeguarding the liberty of the individual citizen is a prime responsibility of the democratic state. The most effective safeguard of liberty is when 'government is a government of law and not of men'. To the extent that the rule of law prevails, to that extent also liberty has the chance of being safeguarded. Separation of powers is a necessary condition for safeguarding liberty; for, as Montesquieu said: "When the legislative and judicial powers are united in the same person or body of persons there can be no liberty; for apprehensions may arise that the same monarch or senate should pass tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical way. Again there is no liberty if the judicial power is not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it joined with the legislative, life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to the arbitrary control and were it joined with