Volunteer work

For example, many high school and college students in the United States often spend many hours as volunteers in hospitals, orphanages or homes for the aged. They read books to the people in these places. Sometimes the students Just visit them, play games with them or listen to their problems. Other young volunteers work in the homes of sick or old people. They clean up their houses, do their shopping or mow their lawns.For boys ho no longer have fathers, there Is a voluntary organization called Big Brothers. College students take these boys to baseball games and help them to get to know things that boys usually learn from their fathers. Some high school students take part In helping disadvantaged or handicapped children. They give care and comfort to them and help them to overcome their difficulties. Young college and university students participate In helping the people who have suffered badly In wars or natural disasters.During summer vacations, they volunteer to work In remote or mountainous areas to provide education for children. Each city has a number of clubs where boys and girls can go to play games. Some of these clubs organize short trips to the mountains, beaches or other places of interest. Most of these clubs use a lot of high school and college students as volunteers because they are young enough to understand the problems of younger boys and girls. Volunteers believe that some of the happiest people in the world are those who help to bring happiness to others.

Promote Creativity And Creative Learning Essay

Creative learning is all about helping children develop their imaginative skills through exploration of different materials and ways of expressing themselves, for example this can be methods like dance, ICT, building and also traditional creative methods like painting and drawing. Creativity itself is all about allowing children to express and explore themselves and take risks in doing so. This doesn’t necessarily have to be in a defined method but could simply be their own play, for example their role play is an expression of their creativity. Most theories about young children view children as highly creative which allows them to explore and experiment with the world around them. Creativity is more about the process than it is about the actual end product as it allows us to learn more about ourselves, like what we’re good and not good at. ‘Creative Partnerships’ was a scheme set up with the term ‘creative learning’ to sum up their programme. They believed working together to try and create new approaches to learning would stimulate the people learning by giving them a new approach and bring the curriculum to life. Another approach the ‘creativity, find it and promote it’ challenged practitioners to be more critical towards the way they think about creativity. It challenged them to try and create connections they wouldn’t normally make and constantly question conventions that they normally wouldn’t. Creativity and creative learning can be beneficial for children for many different reasons. Creativity can give children a way to express and develop their emotions, an example of this may be if a child is sad they may draw a sad picture and then someone has the opportunity to ask them how they feel about it and express themselves. Creativity is also a good way for children to develop socially, an example of this if a child enjoys creative dance then they may wish to create dance routines with other children and this allows them to be both social but develop their communicational and physical development. Creativity can also help children develop intellectually by doing creative problem solving and critical thinking. Children require long unhurried periods of time to develop and express their creativity so they are not rushed into creating something they did not want to. Allowing them as much time as they need, will help them feel like they have created the best thing they could have possibly made as well as allow them to explore original ideas further with the extra time that they have.

Changing of Fashion styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Changing of Fashion styles - Essay Example The essay "Changing of Fashion styles" explores the fashion trends and styles and their changing. To see how these general considerations apply in reality, we may turn our attention to a phenomenon with which all the Western societies have been increasingly preoccupied during the last couple of centuries, and the significance of which grew in the twentieth century to the level when this phenomenon turned into the most powerful fetish of modernity. This profound phenomenon is fashion, and aside from its elevated status this field of human creativity by means of the continual changing of fashion styles perhaps in the most persuasive way serves as a manifesto of the constant change as a slogan of humanity. However, it is my firm belief that the transience of fashion has its deep roots that connect it with some fundamental qualities of the social structure we are living in. With these considerations in mind, let us on the example of the continual changing of fashion styles try to take a closer look at the interplay of the promise of identity reinforcement that fashion apparently offers and the notion of obsolescence as its inevitable hidden companion that may in the end turn out to be the real driving force behind fashion as such. That fashion has since its inception been involved into the process of creation and confirmation of personal and social identities of people can be understood from the very definitions of both these terms. Indeed, we can define identity as a set of individual.

Health Disparitiy among the Mentally Ill Research Paper

Health Disparitiy among the Mentally Ill - Research Paper Example Within every population, there are varying individual characteristics and mental health needs. Research on suicide cases among minority population is a clear depiction of mental health disparity. AIAN’s population records the highest cases of suicide representing fifty percent of the national average. The quality of health care provision to all American citizens for all ethnic groups is ideal. There is a remarkable gap between the health care recommended and the services delivered. Statistics nationally show medical patients receiving only 54.9 percent (Data shown in the table) of the recommended medical care (Safran et al., 2009). Studies comparing mental health care across ethnic groups depict disparities in accessing, usage and quality of care. Subgroups in the U.S. are more probable comparing to white population to delay or miss completely to get quality mental health treatment. Mental health status disparities exhibit definitely different patterns compared to other health disparities. Comparing national representation sample of the U.S. population, American Indians have high risks of posttraumatic stress and alcohol dependence but are lower risks of depression. Minorities have less psychiatric disorders comparing to white Americans. The black and Hispanic Americans have the highest tendency of persistently being ill. United States policy makers have designed federal laws that address discrimination of mentally ill individuals resulting from public stigma (Corrigan, Roe & Tsang, 2011). The federal laws provide an important basis for refining disparities in health care services, education, employment opportunities and outcomes for the mental illness that results from the humiliation process (Cummings, Lucas & Druss, 2013). Education for all handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EAHCA), is a piece of legislation addressing the issue of discrimination on

In a Better World by Susanne Bier Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

In a Better World by Susanne Bier - Movie Review Example His separation from his wife Marianne has made an impact on the lives of his two sons, specifically, their separation has influenced on the life of his 12 years old son, Elias, who becomes the victim of school bullying. On the other hand, we have a life of Christian who has just shifted back to Denmark from London with his rich-businessman father, Claus. Both of the men are suffering from the death of Christian’s mother, who just died due to cancer. Christian accuses his father of hiding the real state of his mother’s condition till the last moments. With so much anger that is buried deep inside him, he confronts Elias’ oppressors. On one hand, the boys were trying to overcome the schoolyard bullying and, on the other hand, Anton is dealing with a challenging situation in the Sudanese refugee camp. His problem revolves around a person who terrifies his people by cutting open the stomach of the women he sexually assaulted and impregnated in order to verify the gen der of his child. Anton is not sure whether he should or he should not save the life of such a person. Theme and Story of the Movie: The theme of the movie revolves around justice, equality and freedom. ... The whole idea revolves around how Anton fulfills his commitment to his profession and how Christian establishes freedom for the young guy. The story also revolves around the complexities that have surrounded the relationships in society. For instance, Christian relationship with his father, Anton’s with his wife and the emerging friendship between the young Christian and Elias. It projects how relationships can influence a person’s life and how strong or weaker a person can become with or without a sincere relationship in his life. These are a few of the things that people and society, in general, lack today.

Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Language - Essay Example Furthermore, code switching is a very common behavior among multilingual speakers. Thus, policymakers on education stress that switching from one language to another may affect proficiency of the speaker as code switching limit language development of the speaker or learner (Berko-Gleason 1993). The multilingual situation in the Philippines, for instance, presents an interesting case as the country is an archipelago and is made up of many islands. English is a second language in the Philippines and about 50 percent of the population comprehend and speak English but 87 languages and dialects also exist in different islands. Some of these languages do not seem to be related to each other. Although a national language exists, government policies on the use of national language, the Filipino - an amalgamation of languages composed of both Tagalog and English - confuses the population rather than help the public become proficient in the learning of the language required in school. Tagalog is used in some subjects such as history but science subjects are mainly taught in English. The consequences of this policy are quite detrimental to those whose first language is neither Tagalog nor English. A majority of Filipinos who live in the provinces and underlying islands had to learn three languages in order to survive school and be able to find work. Many of those whose first language is not Tagalog or English are usually discriminated against in work places because of their 'accents.' Marked cultural differences also exist in terms of food, way of life, religious beliefs and many other aspects of culture. Furthermore, like other multilingual countries, the Philippine government faces challenges because of its language-learning program on multilingualism. As two languages - Tagalog and English - are used, educators are concerned that learners may not learn any of the language with greater proficiency as code switching is seen as a hindrance to achieving high-level language proficiency. Language experts argue that bilinguals and multilinguals cannot achieve similar language proficiency similar to those of monolingual speakers. Code-switching is defined as the 'utilization of two languages simultaneously or interchangeably' (Valdes-Fallis, 1977). Most experts view that speakers use two languages if 'bilingual fluency is not yet stable' (Valdes-Fallis, 1977). Speakers employ this method in order to attain two things: one is for the speaker to fill a linguistic or conceptual gap and secondly, it is for the attainment of multiple communicative functions (Gysels, 1992). In many countries and territories, code switching is avoided, but in majority of multilingual and bilingual areas of the world, it is viewed as the 'norm' (Swigart, 1992; Goyvaerts & Zembele, 1992). This is true in the Philippines, Singapore, India and Nepal where speakers usually move from one language to another to communicate. In Singapore and the Philippines (Chinese or Malay and English in Singapore, and Tagalog and English in the Philippines), the use of two languages or the mixing of both in communication and even in literature has become the norm. Views on code

Facebook is a Useful Website for the People Essay

Facebook is a Useful Website for the People - Essay Example The influence of Facebook can be evaluated as beyond a website, but as an innovative tool to measure one’s social acceptability and the ability to mingle with the masses without any inhibition or inferiority complex. Also, the usefulness of Facebook extends to other spheres like international brotherhood, an innovative platform to communicate with one’s friends and meet new people, exchange valuable information, spend one’s leisure time in a more useful way, new experiences, view videos and games, and regular updating of one’s relationships. Lino states, â€Å"Facebook is a mirror of real life and if it is used too much becomes a sort of second life for some people†. Facebook is an innovative online medium with a lot of opportunities and advantages in different areas of human life, which separates it from the other social networking websites. As pointed out, Facebook is basically a website on the internet which provides social networking service to the users. About its usefulness in businesses, Raj states, â€Å"It helps in business promotion through Ads and Fans page†. Companies use facebook groups for promotion of their business. Cavallari states, â€Å"Facebook groups have become a marketing tool on the most successful social networking site in existence†. The social networking service helps people to connect with friends, relatives, well-wishers, and the international community of internet users. Mark Zuckerberg and his friends (Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes) are the founders of Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg was a student at Harvard and the membership was limited to his private and public circles. Later, this website became more and more acceptable and popular among the student community at Stanford University and its surrounding areas like Ivy League university. We can say that the acceptance and popularity acquired by this website among the student community attracted high school students and later the international community of internet users. Facebook was launched in February 2004, and the ownership is fully vested in Facebook, Inc., a private company. The present popularity of Facebook includes more than 600 million active users. Janell L. Carroll states that â€Å"On college campuses, Facebook is the most popular networking site, and the majority of students check their Facebook accounts daily or several times a day† ( 71). We can say that Faceb ook is becoming more popular among the student community. In addition, Facebook is becoming popular because of the unique social networking services provided by the owners. The name ‘Facebook’ is indebted to the university administrators in the USA, who used to provide books to their students to know each other in a better way. To be specific, Facebook’s aim is to help the users connect with each other and to share valuable information for productive purposes. The common thoughts about Facebook include its usefulness as a social networking website and its disadvantage as spending much time on the internet. Most of the users of Facebook make use of the same innovative tool to create a virtual presence and to share their thoughts and connect with their friends. However, D. E. Wittkower points out that â€Å"If Facebook promotes friendship and if friendship is a good thing, why do we so often feel as if we’ve been wasting time when we are facebooking?â€℠¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (120). However, most of the Facebook users may reject this opinion because they consider Facebook as an innovative tool or online medium to create

Introduction and methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction and methodology - Essay Example The real sign of the â€Å"credit crunch† started in summer 2007 when mortgage borrowers started defaulting on their mortgages and exposing billions of dollars of bad debt. This was when US housing prices started to plunge – 20% to 30% in 12 months (Financial Times 2009). However, this was not something that was being anticipated by the lenders, as bankers thought they held new products that guaranteed never-ending great profits. However, the best performance for the sub-prime market was between 2001 and 2006, when sales essentially boomed. Analysts state that approximately one-third of mortgages issued to subprime borrowers were adjusted rate mortgages. In the early 2000s, interest was at its lowest rate and mortgage lenders started to relax their lending standards, which made many poor credit families creditworthy to qualify for a mortgage. As more people started to buy property, it increased demand in the housing market and caused house prices to rise (Mortgageguideu k 2009). In addition, subprime lending rocketed to trillions of dollars; bankers and lenders bundled up the subprime mortgages with the prime mortgages, â€Å"good and bad apples†, and sold them in a single package to hedge funds and investment banks who initially thought it as a great way to generate high return investments (Terner 2008). These are called â€Å"Collateralised Debt Obligations† (CDOs). Lehman Brothers was the biggest player on this subprime market, making millions of dollars every month; they even offered â€Å"Ninja† (no income, no job or asset) mortgages, basically saying if you can breathe, we will give you a loan (reference). This is what caused the problem; subprime mortgages were mostly given to new homeowners who did not understand the risks behind the scenes (Financial Times 2009). When the demand in the housing reached its peak in the US, the interest rate started to rise from 1% to 5.35%, which caused the housing market to slowdown. As a result, this caused real concern for homeowners who could barely afford their mortgage payments when interest rates were low. Homeowners started to default on their mortgages, sparking trouble for all of us and the entire financial system (Mortgages 2010). When borrowers could no longer afford to pay their loans, the value of these investments started to fall, causing huge losses for banks across the world and many businesses that wholly depended on free fall credit have either collapsed, been taken over by competitors or been nationalised (Parliament 2010). For example, Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, Washington Mutual, Northern Rock, Freddie Mac, AIG, Fanny Mae, Bradford and Bingley, RBS Bank of Scotland Group, Wachovia, Halifax Bank of Scotland and many more have been hit hard by the credit crisis. For example, HSBC’s subsidiary Housing Finance Corporation (HFC) was the highest provider of high risk subprime borrowers in the US and was hit hardest by the credit crunch. T his was when US housing prices started to fall in 2006. As a result, provisions for losses on HFC loans increased by almost $3 billion in comparison to the previous year (Financial Times 2009). This dissertation focuses on how the credit crunch has affected the UK population in terms of mortgages and unemployment. Jon Moulton, the British venture capitalist stated that, as Americans and

Effect of inflation on wages Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Effect of inflation on wages - Research Paper Example Inflation denotes an unfavorable situation in the economy of a nation. On the other hand, wages refer to a form of remuneration offered to an employee by an employer of a particular company in exchange for services rendered. The paper will determine the fact whether inflation has a negative or positive effect on wages of employees in institutions of a particular country. Upon getting the findings, the paper will further analyze what is expected to be done to avert the effect on the inflation. In order to answer these critical questions, I will sample data from a few companies that will act as the representative samples of companies across the country. After the exercise of data collection, I will record it using favorable methods then analyze it scientifically in order to draw varied conclusions from it. By so doing, the research question will be answered. I have ensured that the methods used for data collection and recording are effective so that the findings drawn from the data are effective. I have used both quantitative and qualitative methods for the processes of data collection and recording. This will ensure that the data collected has no bias and is effective in answering the research question. To determine the rate of inflation, will need collection of values of inflation over time and the correlated change in the wages of employers that cut across companies in the country. The analysis of the collected data will; require scientific methods because issues to do with economies ought to be projected by professionals who are well versed with the research topic. This would require economic analysts in my research team. Choosing the methods for data collection is another important factor because some methods are more suited in collecting particular types of data as compared with others. Others are also more suited in recording some data types as compared to others. This disparity in the methods depends also on the nature of the respondents from which the da ta is collected from. Some may be willing to give data to a research team while some may be uncooperative in giving the data out. The research team is, therefore, required to develop a good rapport with the respondents so that they are able to collect optimal data for analysis. Another important thing in answering research questions is ensuring that the equipment for data collection are in a good order so that the research team is not frustrated in the fieldwork day for the actual process of data collection and analysis. To avoid any mishaps in data collection, all equipment should be investigated and checked days to the actual day of research. In discussing the research issue, I will first give a literature review of the research topic. I will then give a strategy for the hypothesis of the topic. The last section will illustrate the data methods used, their efficacy and the findings. I will then give a conclusion of the research topic. Literature Review Inflation is a noteworthy as pect of any nation’s economy. It is opposed to deflation which describes the downward spiral in the average prices of goods and services. It is, therefore, clear that the only difference in inflation and deflation is the aspect of price stability. There is also a strong link between inflation and money in any country. Because it is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services, it implies it is extremely linked to money. By being intrinsically linked to money, inflation has an effect on the economy of a country. It affects many aspects of the economy and the nature of cash flow in a country. As a result of this, it is extremely important to study the effect of

Music Industry in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Music Industry in US - Essay Example music market. Accessing the U.S. distribution channels is incredibly difficult. These channels involve four elements: the process of promotion (to break into the market), the system of licensing and distributing, the role of retailers, and the restructuring of the United States market's priorities which is currently going on. The production, innovation, sales, and distribution of music involves a complicated network. This network is controlled by large global firms, known as "the majors" that have complete control over the sourcing, creating, industrializing, distributing, and retailing of music. There is also a very big group of "independent" music companies that work in the same way as the majors which keeps the difficulty of accessing the U.S. distribution channels very tough and expensive. The U.S. has been the leader in music industry innovation and has a huge effect on the other music markets throughout the world. Along with world domination, from the U.S. comes some of the biggest names, i nnovations, and record labels in the business. However, the country is the least internally-oriented market partly because of the media. ... In order to "create a buzz", or the initial testing process, much money is spent on independent record companies to promote the campaign, set up performances, and pay for the airplay as being played on the radio many times over is the key to success for breaking in. It has been suggested that $500,000.00 is required to test a record. Labels and distribution is also very difficult as there are three main categories in which these can be handled: by going through a major record company that has its own distribution network, independents that distribute under a major company, and independents that uses other independents to get the items distributed. 85% of the music that gets to retailers is distributed by the major record companies. Independents use major companies because of the high costs in building and maintaining nationwide warehouses and distribution centers. Bigger companies can handle the legal and bridging costs as well as slow payments. U.S. laws also require that imports pay mechanical royalties although the country of origin has already charged these. This means that royalties have to be paid twice. It simply is too expensive doing business any other way in the U.S. The distribution of products to retailers is controlled by distributors and these distributors are the key to promotion. These major distributors have teams of people who have developed strong relationships with the top buyers such as Wal-Mart. Product priority lists are created by the major distributors as fees are paid to them. The higher up's of the major distribution companies, who are considered to be all powerful, prefer this "monopoly" type of doing business. New music must go through

Pricing Strategies Essay Example for Free

Pricing Strategies Essay When designing a marketing plan each and every component is of prime importance. The marketing plan basically consists of four components or as we call them, the four P’s. The product, price, packaging and the place all combined together can make the product successful. They are all interdependent. The Segway is a new invention in the market and is the first of its kind product. Products of this sort are priced high because it is not long before competitors enter the market and take away the profit share for the firm. Pricing is important because it helps position the product in the minds of the consumers; it forms an image which helps attract the target market. If the product is overpriced than the target market will not purchase it and the expected sales level will not be achieved, the same will happen if it is underpriced. The main issue with the pricing of Segway was that the product was catering to a different sector and this sector could not afford to spend so much on the piece of transportation. The price at $4500 was considered to high for a product such as this (PistonHeads. com, n. d). One of the reasons for the failure of Segway in the early years was the price that the company was charging. Customers did not see why the product was priced so high and the utility that they would gain out of it. The market that the product was catering to is the people who walk to work; they either do it to get the exercise or don’t have money to spend on taxi fare. For those who want to exercise, buying the Segway would be useless as the whole point of exercise would be lost and for the others, the product was too expensive a buy. Also, initially when the product was launched, the market for such a technological product was at its initial stages. The concept did not exist and people did not get used to idea. Today when gas prices are rising, people would consider this option of transportation. The sales in recent times have been growing as people can not afford to put gas in their cars. From this we can conclude one thing and that is, when purchasing an item there are many external factors that influence the customers decision. People are getting used to the idea of spending this amount as they realize that maintenance of a car would cost them the same amount. (Whiteman, 2008) The marketing strategy that I would have adopted would have been different, assuming that it did not cost much to product the product. I would have priced the product high but not this high; initially it would have been around the $3000 margin but after a few months this would have come down and more versions of the same product would have been introduced. Also, the best way to market this product was to let the target market demonstrate it and like every other vehicle, take it for a test drive. Once people use it they would realize the ease of use that the Segway would give them. This is an invention and the customers don’t realize its need until or unless they have I in their lives, just like the microwave oven or the cell phone.

Socioeconomic Status Essay Example for Free

Socioeconomic Status Essay There are a lot of studies surrounding ones status and its effects on ones psychology. I will be discussing what a Socioeconomic Status is defined to be, certain test and effects it can have on ones psychological being and also how it effects you in certain settings. I will break this down in to parts beginning with how it is defined, then I will move on to the effects and tests, and lastly I will explain how it effects people in certain settings. Socioeconomic Status is mostly defined as a combined measurement of the work experience of an individual’s or their family’s economic and social state in relation to others based on their income, their education, and their current occupation. It is usually broken down into three categories such as High Socioeconomic Status, Middle Socioeconomic Status, and Low Socioeconomic Status. These categories are used to describe the three areas where an individual or family may fall. In studies it is show that those that fall into the Low SES (socioeconomic status) category tend to show signs of mental illnesses such as respiratory viruses, coronary disease, and schizophrenia. Certain work environments may cause these. As it comes to the mental health some say that the mental health issues may be the reason why they are in the social status they are in all together. There have been tests that have shown that Socioeconomic Status could be a cause or lead to the development of dementia. Those with Low SES have shown to be more associated with a higher prevalence of dementia. They also show an increase in psychiatric comorbidity and a worse baseline of cognitive functioning. These test were based off the data of 217 patients seen in an Inner City Memory Disorder Clinic. They were analyzed with respect on demographic status, clinical status and SES. The results showed that there was a wide variation in the samples examined with respect to most measures of SES. About one-third (36%) had a diagnosis of dementia at an average age of 66. 1.  There was a strong association between their age, the range of individual annual income, their education, medical comorbidity, and a diagnosis of dementia. The increase in age and medical comorbidity were shown to be the strongest factor. The tests concluded that increased age, low education, high medical comorbidity and a low annual income are all associated with a diagnosis of dementia in an inner city setting. There are also other studies such as the socioeconomic status and its effect on health and the exposure and vulnerability to daily stressors. The study examines interconnections among education as an alternate for socioeconomic status-stress, and physical and mental health by being specific about differential exposure and vulnerability models using data according to The National Study of Daily Experiences. The daily diary data allowed assessment of the social distribution of a quantity of different types of stressors than had before been studied in sociological stress research of daily stressors. The data also allowed a less biased assessment of stress exposure and a more micro-level examination of the connections between stress and health by socioeconomic status. Consistent with the literature describing socioeconomic inequalities in physical and mental health, the results of this study indicated that on any day, the adults who were better educated reported fewer physical symptoms and less psychological distress. Even so that better-educated individuals reported more daily stressors, those with less of an education reported that stressors were more severe. Neither of the factors explained any socioeconomic differences in daily health, but the results clearly shown that the stressor-health association can’t be considered independent of socioeconomic status. Another study would be the study of the use of resources in hospitals and how your socioeconomic status affects the amount of use dubbing the title â€Å"Do the poor cost more? † In this study it pertains to the controversy about whether the poor hospitalized patients use more resources and whether ospitals that give care to the poor award payment help under a certain payment system. It has been reported that the patients with a low socioeconomic status with connective tissue disease tend to stay longer in the hospital and had higher cost to take care of rather than the patients of high socioeconomic status. In 1987, 16,908 out of 20,278 (83%) adult patients were interviewed consecutively in 5 Massachusetts hospitals to obtain information on the three measures of socioe conomic status I mentioned earlier. They divided each measure into three strata, creating 15 comparisons. After excluding and adjusting the findings were that the patients of the lower socioeconomic status had stayed 3 to 30 percent longer than those of high status. The hospitals charges were 1 to 18 percent high for the patients of a lower status. When adjusted for age and how severe the illness was the results showed that those patients of the lower socioeconomic status had longer stays in 14 of 14 comparisons and higher charges 13 to 15 in comparison. The findings suggest that the patients of lower socioeconomic status have longer stays and require more of the hospitals resources. Over the few studies I have covered its seems as if the socioeconomic status of an individual or family plays out in many ways in life. Those of the lower status seem to have more health problems and financial issues as well. So being said that socioeconomic status affects your health physically and mentally, as well as effects the financial struggle your set with. Those of a higher status are able to take more care of themselves so they tend to have fewer issues unlike those of the lower socioeconomic status. It affects a large percentage of the world. A majority of the world population is affected by a low socioeconomic status creative more vulnerability to diseases creating more stay time in hospitals and costing themselves more in the long run. As well as adding other studies to the many different effects of ones socioeconomic status producing results both positive and negative based on whether you are of lower status or a higher status.

Impact of Bullying and Cyber Bullying on Adolescents

Impact of Bullying and Cyber Bullying on Adolescents Introduction It has been long believed that bulling is a part of growing up and since they are only children, they do not know that they are possibly causing harm. This is not the case, bullies act with the sole intent to inflict mental and or physical harm to their chosen victim for their own personal gratification. Bulling and Cyber Bulling are becoming major issues in our society and the problem is ever increasing. Since rapid advancement of personal communication devices especially smart phone and applications that use social media, it has become simpler for bullies at access their victims twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. This occurs covertly, no one is the wiser unless the intended victim speaks up, this rarely occurs. How do we are educators help address the issue of bulling, harassment and cyber bulling, so it does not have a negative effect on the students academic and social achievements. How do we as a society, stop this culture of abuse that is affecting a generation of teen agers. It is the duty of educators to support students who are being targeted and to help them to discover the tools on how to survive, this dark side of growing up in todays society The Digital Society In society, technology is paving the way we communicate with the world around us. The number of people joining and participating in social media is growing on a daily basis. We have adopted this technology into ever facete of our lives, from work, to school, to the home. Adolescents today are growing up in this ever-changing digital world, but are we as their guides, giving them the tools to survive in it. According to Federal Justice Department in the United States of America each month one out of four children will be targeted for abuse by their peers, either in the playground or via Personal communication devices. What is bulling, how can we recognise it? Types of Bulling The definition of bulling can be quite broad, the NSW education department as the repeated physical, social, verbal, and psychological abuse defines it. It involves the constant abuse of power by a group or an individual by one or more people. Physical Bulling includes hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching, pushing, anything that affects the victims body, this does include sexual abuse or the destruction of a persons property. Verbal Bulling is name-calling, insults, teasing, and intimidation, homophobic, sexist, and racist remarks. Other styles of bulling is covert bulling, it is harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the victims back. It is intended to destroy someones social standing or to cause humiliation. It includes lying about the person, spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking, encouraging other to socially other to socially exclude someone. Cyber Bulling is a perfect example of covert bullying tactics. This type of bulling takes it to a completely new level of cruelty by using digital technologies. By using mobile phones to harass their victim, setting up defamatory websites or facebook pages, spreading rumours via social media sites such as facebook, myspace, instagram, snapchat. Previous generations of teenagers who have been the victims of bulling were able to seek refuge from the daily torture at home, now thank to mobile phones and social media the bullies have destroyed this refuge and get access to their victim anytime they want. Bulling can be a public incident or private, and in some cases only known to the parties involved. So if it is only known to the people involved, how do educators combat it? Glamorization Bullying in schools is an often-glamorized in Hollywood movies depicted in high school teen comedies, for example Mean Girls, a movie about social acceptance, isolation and gaining a self worth from the pain of others. What they do not show are the effects of bullying on their intended victim. Bulling is not a mutual disagreement or an isolated incident of social rejection or nastiness. It is not a random act of aggression or intimidation. The oxford dictionary definition of harassment is the unwanted or warranted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation, which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimants dignity, of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment. This is when it can get confusion as all bulling is harassment, but not all harassment is bulling. So how do adolescents tell the difference? Target Acquired The bullies target students who are not part of an established social group at school, such as new students or those who suffer from health or learning disabilities as well as students who have trouble fitting in socially, as well as jealously. For bulling to occur there needs to be a power difference between the two parties; unfair fights where the person who bullies has an advantage or power over the person who is being victimized. Bullying is not the same as a disagreement, it is about the abuse of power. The effects of bulling can be short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by someone intervening as soon as possible. The intervening party does not have to be a parent, teacher or adult in a position of authority, it is more effective in eradication of bulling, if one of the victims classmates steps in to stop it. Why did we as a society, think that this behaviour was harmless? Long and Short Term Effects The effects of bulling can be quite broad, they can range from falling grades, depression, anxiety; an increased sense of loneliness, sadness, isolation, there can be changes in sleep and eating patterns. Activities that the victim once enjoyed, suddenly they do not what to be involved. Sadly, these issues do not rectify themselves and can continue into the adolescents, life after school. The long term effects can include a higher risk of depression and issues with a low self-esteem later in life, there is links that teenagers that bullied in their teens are more likely to have problems with drugs, alcohol and promiscuity. In some extreme cases, bullied teenagers have attempted and succeeded in ending their lives, to end their suffering. As this issue continues to grow, schools have been trying to implement a Zero tolerance policy on all types of bulling. School needs to be a safe place for all students, as a safe place gives students the ability and the confidence to learn. Bulling and cyber bulling can turn the classroom environment from a place of knowledge to a living nightmare, which students end up dreading. Bulling is the cause of up to 15% of all school absenteeism. It does not only affect a victims attendance, but it can also affect their ability to focus and participate in the classroom. There is also a high probability of the victim dropping out of school, so they do not need to confront their bully any longer. The victims ability to focus is continually compromised; they worry about what the bully will do next, where the bully will be during the lunch break. The Digital World The internet and social media use have grown in the past ten years. Adolescents have access to the internet and personal communication devices in their bedrooms away from parental supervision. In previous years, the only way adolescents had to communicate with the outside world from their home was the telephone in a communal area and a desktop computer again in a communal area. Parents were able to monitor everything that was being said or sent to their teenager. Social networking websites have become increasingly popular among teenagers, as a place where they can meet friends and new people, communicate and exchange information. The type of relationships for teenagers have evolved to a level that has never been experienced on this scale. Social media is the main contributor of this change. Adolescents have the facilities to communicate with people, young and old from all over the globe. For the first time in our history, geographical barriers are no longer a issue for communication. No longer waiting on the postman for letters, worried about different time zones to make a phone call, adolescents have instant results with the use of social media. There has been a positive outcome due to Social media; teenagers who are active on social media sites are more social and well adjusted than their not connected peers. This technology are tools for todays adolescents, it develops social bonds, their identities, and an ability to communicate with others including teachers, classmates, absent parents. â€Å"Teens who spend their time on social networking sites are actually the healthiest psychologically according to new accumulating evidence from a report from Psychological Science. (N. Murashev, May 2011) Even so, the destruction these devices are used for, negates any positive attributes. Social Networking Social networking has created new ways to communicate, share information and meet new people. Even with all the positive possibilities associated with social networking. Like with everything, there are risks that are associated with the use or misuse of this technology. It stay safe online teenagers need to know the risks and how to protect themselves online, from bullies and predators. People are able to be anonymous, anominity gives people a sense of freedom, they can be whoever they want to be, freedom to say and do without any consequences. Bullies are able to use the personal information posted online to gain an insight in how to torture them. Cyber Bulling is a methodical, planned method of violence and torture, affect teenagers. As mentioned earlier, it has the potential to lead to anxiety, depression, self harm, and even suicide. The Cyber Bullies use social media, text messages and email to harass their victim. The bullies tactics are to send mean messages, start disparaging rumours, posting hurtful comments and unflattering pictures, altering images to depict the victim, these can be through social media sites, emails and text messages, these can be done by direct contact or public comments or private messages to others about the victim. According to Cyber bulling statistics: Over half of adolescents and teenagers have been subjected to online bullying, the same amounts of adolescents have engaged in cyber bulling. More than half of young people do not tell their parents or teacher that they have experienced cyber bulling. The best way to stop cyber bulling is to educate adolescents about the consequences of cyber bulling and what they need to do to stop it occurring if they are ever bullied. Bullies like to act covertly, it is where they gain their power, by opening up communication channels, and bullies can no longer hide in the shadows of the online world or the playgrounds. Unfortunately, most adolescents do not feel comfortable talking to parents and teachers about their experiences of being bullied. However, why does it stop, victims of bullying telling their true friends. Why are their friends staying silent as well? We drill into young children when in early primary school, not to tattle tale. Have we made a rod for our own backs, by teaching this? We should be drilling into them, which if someone is hurting you or your friends tell your teacher, tell the world. If you bring light onto the subject, bullies can no longer hide in the shadows or behind a computer screen. Consequences or lack of Bulling is going to be a continuing issue within the education system. The law cannot keep up with this every changing cyber world. Even though it is starting to catch up to the technology, there are now serious consequences if caught cyber bullying. Depending on what was done during the bulling, consequences can range from punishments at the school level to criminal charges. It is the repetitive nature of bulling that is the cause of the anxiety to the victims, the anticipation of bulling becomes as problematic as the actual bulling. The consequences of bulling were once name calling and possible push and shove in the playground. In recent years, the consequences of schoolyard bulling have taken a more serious turn; more and more frequently, bullied students are turning to violence. Bullies adolescents feeling that there is no other option, retaliate in a deadly manner, attacking their persecutors and any other students and teachers. These tragedies have caused more awareness and fe ar among, parents, other Adolescents, educators, as well as the Police Force about the effects of bulling. The response of the education system and law enforcement has not been fast or strong enough for the families of bullying victims who had felt they had no other choice, than to end their lives to end the torture. Conclusion There is no quick fix, to this epidemic, if at all. Educators and parents can only protect the victims, if they speak up. There is no way to eradicate bullying from our society; it is engrained within Australian society. However, as educators we can try to bring it out from the shadows. Name and shame bullies, have it part of their permanent record, most bullies will continue the behaviour into adulthood, especially if they got away with in as a teenager. Bulling is no longer contained to the schoolyard, bus, or train, it enters our homes, and it destroys lives, families, futures, and communities. Victims feel isolated, unsupported; it is one the main reason why dropout rates are high. Bulling is causing a generation of young people to have low self-esteem, depression issues not only while the abuse is occurring but into their adult life. Teenagers who are bullied are more likely to develop future academic problems and psychological difficulties. School should offer support groups fo r the ones being bullied on and the ones doing the bullying. There should be harsher penalties, as these adolescents know what they are doing and know that their choice to bully with hurt someone. No one should have to feel like the only way to deal with a situation is to harm themselves of others. Bulling is doing them more harm than good. They need to know that there are different ways to handle a situation like talking about it with friends, families, and teachers. We must step up and help others know how to deal with this issue. There is no reason to let anyone friend or stranger get picked on. We need to provide an inclusive environment for adolescents to stand up and prevent bullying in their micro chasm of a community. It will spread to the wider community. Lets turn on a light. References Attorney General Martha Coakley, http://.mas.gov Eagle Triune, (16 January, 2011) http:// www.eagletribune.com Ralph, L, Berglas, N, Schwarts, S.., and Brinidis, C (2011) Finding Teens in TheirSpace: Social Networking Sites to Connect youth to Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 8(1). 38-49 From Research library Molly O’Toole (2011 September 2) Social Media use linked to smoking, alcohol. Times Colonist, p.6. Retrieved from Canadian Newsstand. Natasha Murashev, Social Times, (May 2010) http://www.socialtimes.com Science Daily (February 10, 2010) http://www.sciencedaily.com Bullying Statistics, http://www.bullingstatics.org Family Safety, http://www.microsoft.com http://ncab.org.au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www.stopbullying.gov/at-risk/effects/index.html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library.thinkquest.org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences.html 24/8/12 http://www.cyberbullying.info/ http://au.reachout.com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www.cybersmart.gov.au/Kids/Tips to stay safe and cybersmart/Cyberbullying.aspx http://www.bullyingnoway.gov.au/ http://www.bullying.com.au/ http://www.youthbeyondblue.com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www.stopbullying.gov/at-risk/effects/index.html http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/201103/201103carrgregg.pdf

Antigone :: essays papers

Antigone3 Often in plays, there are conflicting issues. This is what creates the storyline, or plot. Usually, each play has an antagonist and a protagonist. A protagonist is the main driving force in the play, whereas the antagonist the force that goes against the protagonist. Deciding who is the protagonist and who is the antagonist are really matters of opinion. In the play, "Antigone" by Sophocles, there are different opinions about who is the protagonist and who is the antagonist. In "Antigone," Creon and Antigone have distinct conflicting values. Creon's regard for the laws of the city causes him to abandon all other beliefs. He feels that all should obey the laws set forth by him, even if other beliefs, moral or religious, state otherwise. Antigone, on the other hand, reveres the beliefs of the gods. She feels that the laws of the gods should be obeyed above all others, especially when in respect to family. Creon has a very strong opinion about the laws of the city and the laws passed by him. His method of enforcing them is very strict. In "Antigone," Creon orders that Polynices, Antigone's brother, will not be buried because of his dishonor towards Thebes. Furthermore, if anyone is caught burying him, they will be killed for disobeying his order. Polynices is being punished because he attacked Thebes and betrayed Creon and the people of Thebes. Creon says "Remember this: our country is our safely. Only when the voyages true on course can we establi sh friendships, truer than blood itself." (Antigone 210-213) Creon's harsh punishment on those who disobey the law makes many fear him and dare not to go against him. One example is Ismene's regard for Creon's laws. She tries to talk her sister out of burying her brother because of what could happen to her if Creon found out that she went against him. Ismene says, "I'm forced, I have no choice-I must obey the ones who stand in power." (Antigone 78-79) Not only do the people of Thebes obey the laws of the city because of their fear but because it is a shame to dishonor the king. To go against the king's claim and dishonor the law is to die a more shameful death than Antigone's mother and father.

A Report on Lifeline for Children’s Choir Directors Essay -- Choir Cho

Mrs. Bartle employs a little bit of four of each of the methods shared in (the vocal pedagogy) class. She uses a lot of the Westminister method but borrows from the others. The others she borrows from are Christiansen, Fred Warning and Wilson/Klein. Much of what she writes, is from her own life’s career experiences as a choral director. The first subject she deals with is the director’s attitude. A director should have a positive attitude. (p. 3, Bartle) In chapter two she discusses the development of a child’s voice in a mechanistic way. She wants the ’flutety’ sound of a child’s voice developed, between the ages 6-8. (ps. 7-9) This reminds me of the Westminister method. She tells how to help a child that has problems sing on ’center’. (ps. 13-15.) She tells how to help children pronounce their vowels when they sing. She does this by demonstrating the position of the jaw with a rubber band. She also teaches children how to form vowels and diphthongs with their mouths. (ps. 19-21) She gives some mechanistic methods on how to develop good diction with nonsense word drills and by exaggerating consonants as they whisper words. (ps. 22-3) This reminds me of the Fred Warning emphasis on good pronunciation. She gives some reasons why a children’s choir may sing flat or sharp, and then gives some mechanistic ways to fix them. (p. 27) A choir director must fix his own hearing, before they can get to ’first base’, with their choir members. They can do this by listening to some Bach chorales, then leave them for a week, come back and play them several times, then write them down on a manuscript. (p. 27) She discusses the many ways of teaching children rhythm, but she also advises, †let us not disregard the old†. (ps. 28-9) She a... ...aguar the loyalty of a Dog the charm of a Kitten and the appearance of a Sea It would also be helpful if he has: a bag full of tricks a head full of Tools a lifetime of Ideas a background of a few failures as well as success and a heart full of hope and faith in people.† (ps. 155-6) At the very end of the book, she has a bibliography of twenty-six sources, and six commentators of note such as Sir David Willcocks. (ps.157-9) I enjoyed reading this book. This book would be a handy aid in assisting any Children’s Choir Director. I like the way she borrows from a lot of methodologies to develop her own. By burrowing she has developed a very good way to direct choirs. Work Cited. Bartle, Jean Ashworth Lifeline for Children’s Choir Directors. Published by Gordon V. Thompson Music, a Division of Canada Publishing Corporation. Toronto, Canada. 1988.

The Importance of Judicial Review Essay -- American Government Constit

By creating a Constitution, it is assumed that the people are going to agree to it as the law of the land. The Supreme Court is responsible for upholding the Constitution by interpreting the laws for the benefit of the people. The justices would be violating their oath if they were to oblige this obligation. If the Constitution were not the law of the land, why would it exist? This is the justification for judicial review, or the right of the court to declare legislative or executive unconstitutional. The Constitution states in article III, section 2 that, â€Å"The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority.† (Shafritz and Weinberg 16). Therefore, Judicial review is an implied power that determines whether or not legislation is constitutional and is necessary for the protection of the Constitutional rights of the people. The judiciary is not a representation of a particular party as it is in the legislative and executive branches. Although justices belong to different parties and they may have views determined by their political beliefs, the role of a justice is to carefully determine and interpret laws based on the Constitution. To do this, they must provide legitimate reason to defend their decisions and therefore, judicial review is beneficial for a successful nation. As a result of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court found that it did not have jurisdiction over the case and therefore could not issue a writ of mandamus. This is the first instance of judicial review by the Supreme Court. Regarding judicial review, Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in his opinion that, â€Å"It is empha... ...es his point by saying that it does not specify the extent of those powers. Personally, I believe that judicial review is a necessity in order to preserve the constitution. Thus, I disagree with Gibson’s opinion. Although I understand the content of his words and why he believes them, but I think a very specific power such as judicial review is necessary to check the other branches. The judiciary cannot abuse the power but the legislative and executive branches can create laws that are abusive to the powers given to them by the constitution. This is why judicial review is a necessity. Works Cited Epstein, Lee, and Walker, Thomas. Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints. Washington, D.C.: CQ, 2007 Shafritz, Jay M., and Lee S. Weinberg. Classics in American Government. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006. The Importance of Judicial Review Essay -- American Government Constit By creating a Constitution, it is assumed that the people are going to agree to it as the law of the land. The Supreme Court is responsible for upholding the Constitution by interpreting the laws for the benefit of the people. The justices would be violating their oath if they were to oblige this obligation. If the Constitution were not the law of the land, why would it exist? This is the justification for judicial review, or the right of the court to declare legislative or executive unconstitutional. The Constitution states in article III, section 2 that, â€Å"The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority.† (Shafritz and Weinberg 16). Therefore, Judicial review is an implied power that determines whether or not legislation is constitutional and is necessary for the protection of the Constitutional rights of the people. The judiciary is not a representation of a particular party as it is in the legislative and executive branches. Although justices belong to different parties and they may have views determined by their political beliefs, the role of a justice is to carefully determine and interpret laws based on the Constitution. To do this, they must provide legitimate reason to defend their decisions and therefore, judicial review is beneficial for a successful nation. As a result of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court found that it did not have jurisdiction over the case and therefore could not issue a writ of mandamus. This is the first instance of judicial review by the Supreme Court. Regarding judicial review, Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in his opinion that, â€Å"It is empha... ...es his point by saying that it does not specify the extent of those powers. Personally, I believe that judicial review is a necessity in order to preserve the constitution. Thus, I disagree with Gibson’s opinion. Although I understand the content of his words and why he believes them, but I think a very specific power such as judicial review is necessary to check the other branches. The judiciary cannot abuse the power but the legislative and executive branches can create laws that are abusive to the powers given to them by the constitution. This is why judicial review is a necessity. Works Cited Epstein, Lee, and Walker, Thomas. Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints. Washington, D.C.: CQ, 2007 Shafritz, Jay M., and Lee S. Weinberg. Classics in American Government. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006.

3d Printing Essay

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY Contents: 1. Introduction 2. History Of 3D Printing 3. Current 3D Printing Technologies 4. The Basic Process Of 3D Printing 5. 3D Printing VS Conventional Technologies 6. Applications 7. Conclusion Introduction 3Dimensions printing is a method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object. 3D printing is a category of rapid prototyping technology. 3D printers typically work by printing successive layers on top of the previous to build up a three dimensional object. The past decade has witnessed the emergence of new manufacturing technologies that build parts on a layer-by-layer basis. Using these technologies, manufacturing time for parts of virtually any complexity is reduced considerably. In other words, it is rapid. Rapid Prototyping Technologies and Rapid Manufacturing offer great potential for producing models and unique parts for manufacturing industry. A few years ago, to get some prototyping work done for a product or design you are working on, you are required to spend a lot of man-hours just to come up with the model. Those hours will be spent creating miniature parts of your design using wood and then gluing all those parts together painstakingly. Prototyping is, at the very least, time-consuming and extremely tedious. These days, however, you can take the tediousness and the time investment out of your prototyping tasks through rapid prototyping or 3d printing. 3D printing is a revolutionary method for creating 3D models with the use of inkjet technology. Many engineers have even dubbed 3D printing as the process of creating something out of nothing. Thus, the reliability of products can be increased; investment of time and money is less risky. Not everything that is thinkable today is already workable or available at a reasonable price, but this technology is fast evolving and  the better the challenges, the better for this developing process. The term Rapid prototyping (RP) refers to a class of technologies that can automatically construct physical models from Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data. It is a free form fabrication technique by which a total object of prescribed shape, dimension and finish can be directly generated from the CAD based geometrical model stored in a computer, with little human intervention. Rapid prototyping is an â€Å"additive† process, combining layers of paper, wax, or plastic to create a solid object. In contrast, most machining processes (milling, drilling, grinding, etc.) are â€Å"subtractive† processes that remove material from a solid block. RP’s additive nature allows it to create objects with complicated internal features that cannot be manufactured by other means. In addition to prototypes, RP techniques can also be used to make tooling (referred to as rapid tooling) and even production-quality parts (rapid manufacturing). For small production runs and complicated objects, rapid prototyping is often the best manufacturing process available. Of course, â€Å"rapid† is a relative term. Most prototypes require from three to seventy-two hours to build, depending on the size and complexity of the object. This may seem slow, but it is much faster than the weeks or months required to make a prototype by traditional means such as machining. These dramatic time savings allow manufacturers to bring products to market faster and more cheaply. 3D PRINTING: MAKING THE DIGITAL REAL Imagine a future in which a device connected to a computer can print a solid object. A future in which we can have tangible goods as well as intangible services delivered to our desktops or highstreet shops over the Internet. And a future in which the everyday â€Å"atomization† of virtual objects into hard reality has turned the mass pre-production and stock-holding of a wide range of goods and spare parts into no more than an historical legacy. Such a future may sound like it is being plucked from the worlds of Star Trek. However, whilst transporter devices that can instantaneously deliver us to remote locations may remain a fantasy, 3D printers capable of outputting physical objects have been in development for over two decades. What’s more, several 3D printers are already on the market. Available from companies including Fortus, 3D Systems, Solid Scape, ZCorp, and Desktop Factory, these amazing devices produce solid, 3D objects from computer data in roughly the  s ame way that 2D printers take our digital images and output hardcopy photos. History Of 3D Printing The technology for printing physical 3D objects from digital data was first developed by Charles Hull in 1984. He named the technique as Stereo lithography and obtained a patent for the technique in 1986.While Stereo lithography systems had become popular by the end of 1980s, other similar technologies such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) were introduced.In 1993, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) patented another technology, named â€Å"3 Dimensional Printing techniques†, which is similar to the inkjet technology used in 2D Printers.In 1996, three major products, â€Å"Genisys† from Stratasys, â€Å"Actua 2100† from 3D Systems and â€Å"Z402† from Z Corporation were introduced.In 2005, Z Corp. launched a breakthrough product, named Spectrum Z510, whichwas the first high definition color 3D Printer in the market.Another breakthrough in 3D Printing occurred in 2006 with the initiation of an open source project , named Reprap, which was aimed at developing a self-replicating 3D printer. 3. Current 3D Printing Technologies Most commercially available rapid prototyping machines use one of six techniques. At present, trade restrictions severely limit the import/export of rapid prototyping machines, so this guide only covers systems available in the U.S. 3.1 Stereo lithography Patented in 1986, stereolithography started the rapid prototyping revolution. The technique builds three-dimensional models from liquid photosensitive polymers that solidify when exposed to ultraviolet light. As shown in the figure below, the model is built upon a platform situated just below the surface in a vat of liquid epoxy or acrylate resin. A low-power highly focused UV laser traces out the first layer, solidifying the model’s cross section while leaving excess areas liquid. Next, an elevator incrementally lowers the platform into the liquid polymer. A sweeper re-coats the solidified layer with liquid, and the laser traces the second layer atop the first. This process is repeated until the prototype is complete. Afterwards, the solid part is removed from the vat and rinsed clean of excess liquid.  Supports are broken off and the model is then placed in an ultraviolet oven for complete curing. Because it was the first technique, stereolithography is regarded as a bench mark by which other technologies are judged. Early stereolithography prototypes were fairly brittle and prone to curing-induced warpage and distortion, but recent modifications have largely corrected these problems. Fig 2.1:Stereo lithography 3.2 Laminated Object Manufacturing In this technique, developed by Helisys of Torrance, CA, layers of adhesive-coated sheet material are bonded together to form a prototype.. As shown in the figure below. Fig2.2: Schematic diagram of laminated object manufacturing. A feeder/collector mechanism advances the sheet over the build platform, where a base has been constructed from paper and double-sided foam tape. Next, a heated roller applies pressure to bond the paper to the base. A focused laser cuts the outline of the first layer into the paper and then cross-hatches the excess area (the negative space in the prototype). Cross-hatching breaks up the extra material, making it easier to remove during post-processing. During the build, the excess material provides excellent support for overhangs and thin-walled sections. After the first layer is cut, the platform lowers out of the way and fresh material is advanced. The platform rises to slightly below the previous height, the roller bonds the second layer to the first, and the laser cuts the second layer. This process is repeated as needed to build the part, which will have a wood-like texture. Because the models are made of paper, they m ust be sealed and finished with paint or varnish to prevent moisture damage. Helisys developed several new sheet materials, including plastic, water-repellent paper, and ceramic and metal powder tapes. The powder tapes produce a â€Å"green† part that must be sintered for maximum strength. As of 2001, Helisys is no longer in business. 3.3 Selective Laser Sintering Developed by Carl Deckard for his master’s thesis at the University of Texas, selective laser sintering was patented in 1989. The technique, shown in Fig,  uses a laser beam to selectively fuse powdered materials, such as nylon, elastomer, and metal, into a solid object. Parts are built upon a platform which sits just below the surface in a bin of the heat-fusable powder. A laser traces the pattern of the first layer, sintering it together. The platform is lowered by the height of the next layer and powder is reapplied. This process continues until the part is complete. Excess powder in each layer helps to support the part during the build. SLS machines are produced by DTM of Austin, TX. Fig 2.3: Schematic diagram of selective laser sintering. 3.4 Fused Deposition Modeling In this technique, filaments of heated thermoplastic are extruded from a tip that moves in the x-y plane. Like a baker decorating a cake, the controlled extrusion head deposits very thin beads of material onto the build platform to form the first layer. Fig2.4: schematic diagram of fused deposition modeling. The platform is maintained at a lower temperature, so that the thermoplastic quickly hardens. After the platform lowers, the extrusion head deposits a second layer upon the first. Supports are built along the way, fastened to the part either with a second, weaker material or with a perforated junction. 3.5 Solid Ground Curing Developed by Cubital, solid ground curing (SGC) is somewhat similar to stereolithography (SLA) in that both use ultraviolet light to selectively harden photosensitive polymers. Unlike SLA, SGC cures an entire layer at a time. Figure 5 depicts solid ground curing, which is also known as the solider process. First, photosensitive resin is sprayed on the build platform. Next, the machine develops a photomask (like a stencil) of the layer to be built. This photomask is printed on a glass plate above the build platform using an electrostatic process similar to that found in photocopiers. The mask is then exposed to UV light, which only passes through the transparent portions of the mask to selectively harden the shape of the current layer. Fig 2.5: Schematic diagram of solid ground curing. After the layer is cured, the machine vacuums up the excess liquid resin and sprays wax in its place to support the model during the build. The top surface is milled flat, and then the process repeats to build the next layer. When the part is complete, it must be de-waxed by immersing it in a solvent bath. SGC machines are distributed in the U.S. by Cubital America Inc. of Troy, MI. The machines are quite big and can produce large models. 3.6 3D Printing Ink-Jet Printing refers to an entire class of machines that employ ink-jet technology. The first was 3D Printing (3DP), developed at MIT and licensed to Soligen Corporation, Extrude Hone, and others. The ZCorp 3D printer, produced by Z Corporation of Burlington, MA is an example of this technology. As shown in Figure 6a, parts are built upon a platform situated in a bin full of powder material. An ink-jet printing head selectively deposits or â€Å"prints† a binder fluid to fuse the powder together in the desired areas. Unbound powder remains to support the part. The platform is lowered, more powder added and leveled, and the process repeated. When finished, the green part is then removed from the unbound powder, and excess unbound powder is blown off. Finished parts can be infiltrated with wax, CA glue, or other sealants to improve durability and surface finish. Typical layer thicknesses are on the order of 0.1 mm. This process is very fast, and produces parts with a slightly grainy surface. ZCorp uses two different materials, a starch based powder (not as strong, but can be burned out, for investment casting applications) and a ceramic powder. Machines with 4 color printing capability are available. 3D Systems’ version of the ink-jet based system is called the Thermo-Jet or Multi-Jet Printer. It uses a linear array of print heads to rapidly produce thermoplastic models (Figure 6d). If the part is narrow enough, the print head can deposit an entire layer in one pass. Otherwise, the head makes several passes. Sanders Prototype of Wilton, NH uses a different ink-jet technique in its Model Maker line of concept modelers. The machines use two ink-jets (see Figure 6c). One dispenses low-melt thermoplastic to make the model, while the other prints wax to form supports. After each layer, a cutting tool mills the top surface to uniform height. This yields extremely good accuracy, allowing the machines to be used in the jewelry industry. Ballistic particl e manufacturing, depicted in  Figure 6b, was developed by BPM Inc., which has since gone out of business. Fig 2.6: Schematic diagrams of ink-jet techniques. 4. The Basic Process of 3D Printing Although several rapid prototyping techniques exist, all employ the same basic five-step process. The steps are: 1. Create a CAD model of the design 2. Convert the CAD model to STL format 3. Slice the STL file into thin cross-sectional layers 4. Construct the model one layer atop another 5. Clean and finish the model CAD Model Creation: First, the object to be built is modeled using a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software package. Solid modelers, such as Pro/ENGINEER, tend to represent 3-D objects more accurately than wire-frame modelers such as AutoCAD, and will therefore yield better results. The designer can use a pre-existing CAD file or may wish to create one expressly for prototyping purposes. This process is identical for all of the RP build techniques. Conversion to STL Format: The various CAD packages use a number of different algorithms to represent solid objects. To establish consistency, the STL (stereolithography, the first RP technique) format has been adopted as the standard of the rapid prototyping industry. The second step, therefore, is to convert the CAD file into STL format. This format represents a three-dimensional surface as an assembly of planar triangles, â€Å"like the facets of a cut jewel.† 6 The file contains the coordinates of the vertices and the direction of the outward normal of each triangle. Because STL files use planar elements, they cannot represent curved surfaces exactly. Increasing the number of triangles improves the approximation, but at the cost of bigger file size. Large, complicated files require more time to pre-process and build, so the designer must balance accuracy with manageability to produce a useful STL file. Since the STL format is universal, this process is identical for all of the RP build techniques. Slice the STL File: In the third step, a pre-processing program prepares the STL file to be built. Several programs are available, and most allow the user to adjust the size, location and orientation of the model. Build orientation is important for several reasons. First, properties of rapid prototypes vary from one coordinate direction to another. For example,  prototypes are usually weaker and less accurate in the z (vertical) direction than in the x-y plane. In addition, part orientation partially determines th e amount of time required to build the model. Placing the shortest dimension in the z direction reduces the number of layers, thereby shortening build time. The pre-processing software slices the STL model into a number of layers from 0.01 mm to 0.7 mm thick, depending on the build technique. The program may also generate an auxiliary structure to support the model during the build. Supports are useful for delicate features such as overhangs, internal cavities, and thin-walled sections. Each RP machine manufacturer supplies their own proprietary pre-processing software. Layer by Layer Construction: The fourth step is the actual construction of the part. Using one of several techniques (described in the next section) RP machines build one layer at a time from polymers, paper, or powdered metal. Most machines are fairly autonomous, needing little human intervention. Fig 3.2 Layer by Layer Construction Clean and Finish: The final step is post-processing. This involves removing the prototype from the machine and detaching any supports. Some photosensitive materials need to be fully cured before use. Prototypes may also require minor cleaning and surface treatment. Sanding, sealing, and/or painting the model will improve its appearance and durability. 3D printing VS Conventional Technologies 3DP does not—and will not—replace completely conventional technologies such NC and high-speed milling, or even hand-made parts. Rather, one should regard 3DP as one more option in the toolkit for manufacturing parts. Figure depicts a rough comparison between 3DP and milling regarding the costs and time of manufacturing one part as a function of part complexity10. It is assumed, evidently, that the part can be manufactured by either technology such that the material and tolerance requirements are met. Fig5.1: 3DP vs. conventional machining Application of 3D printers The concept of custom manufacturing is exciting to nearly everyone, but it always seems to be something that will happen in the â€Å"future†. Gibson was right and the following list of applications for 3D printers show the truth in the saying â€Å"The future is here. It’s just not evenly distributed yet.† The following items are all available for purchase or are being used in industry now. We are still a long way from Replicators like the ones from Star Trek: The Next Generation, but we probably won’t have to wait til the 24th century either. 1. Art 3D printing allows artists to create objects that would be incredibly difficult, costly, or time intensive using traditional processes. These sculptures by Bathsheba Grossman are exquisitely complex and manufactured using a laser sintering process. 2. Action Figures Blood Elves and band mates can both be brought to life using 3D printers. These two were created using Zcorp. machines which apply glue ink and powder in fine layers slowly creating a replica of one of your characters. Figure Prints allows you to create characters from Warcraft, Rock band and Spore printing services are coming soon. A number of other sites allow you to pull data from Second Life and your own 3D programs. 3. Jewelry Jewelry makers were some of the first to use 3D printing in their manufacturing process, however they do not use metal printers, but rather ones that use wax. In a process called â€Å"investment casting† a piece of jewelry is sculpted or printed out of wax. Plaster is then poured on either side. Molten metal is poured onto the wax which melts out leaving a metal version of your wax sculpt in its place in the plaster. This piece is then finished and polished by a jeweler. Many independent jewelers have been using high tech printers in their businesses and an innovative company called Paragon Lake has combined this process with web based design tools to offer an infinite inventory to the masses of jewelry stores. 4. Hearing Aids 3D printers can also make things more functional. In the case of hearing aids  a cast of your ear canal is made. The casting is digitized using a 3D scanner and a perfect replica of your ear is printed from that ensuring a great fit and improving the quality. 5. Prototypes Prototyping in product development is currently the biggest use of 3D printing technology. These machines allow designers and engineers to test out ideas for dimensional products cheaply before committing to expensive tooling and manufacturing processes. 6. Home Decor Home goods are structurally simple but endlessly decorative and are perfect matches for 3D printing. This service, called â€Å"Shapeways Creator† allows you to create products like this lamp with any selection of words that have relevance to you (wedding vows, a favorite poem, etc.). Another company called JuJups allows you to make a customized picture frame using intelligent design tools and a zCorp printer. 7. Models Sales folks lives get much easier when you can have models like this of your product printed up for show and tell. 8. Components/Manufacturing Many of the examples so far are somewhat gimmicky or decorative, However in some industries 3D printing is displacing traditional manufacturing entirely. In the left hand picture a surgical knee replacement implant has been designed and manufactured to fit a patient’s joint perfectly. On the right, high tolerance engine parts were printed using a process called â€Å"Electron Beam Melting† and finished with traditional machining processes. While not the norm these uses begin to suggest what is possible in medicine and industry. 9. Medicine 3D World of Warcraft characters are cool, but these tools have the power to help save lives. Surgeons are using 3d printers to print body parts for reference before complicated surgeries. Other 3D printers are used to create bone grafts for patients who have suffered traumatic injuries. Looking further in the future scientist are working on PRINTING replacement organs. Personal Fabrication indeed! 3D Printing Essay 3D Printing Today and Tomorrow I chose to do my research paper on 3D printing, were we are today and what the future looks like. While researching this project I learned that 3D printing has been around since the 80’s, and that it is also known as additive manufacturing. I chose this topic for a few reasons; first off this is a topic that has interested me fo a while now and I enjoy learning more about it. I believe this technology is going to have a huge impact on our future, like the computer, and the internet it will change the way we do things. I like that its impact is not limited to one area. I highlight in my project seven different areas that 3D printing is already being used and is reshaping those industries. One of these industries is architecture, construction, and engineering. Architects are using 3D printing to save time when putting together their scale models. In the future there will be no limitations to their designs; the reason for this being that construction companies are now experimenting with 3D printing to build parts of buildings. They have started to print using concrete and have been able to print up some wild angles and designs. These were difficult to pull off before because it was hard to make the form to pour the concrete. In the future architects and project managers will be able to work together and print sections of a building in one location, then move and assemble on sight. Just like architects, engineers are using 3D printing to print up scale models of their designs. With the advances in this technology they are able to print these items with moving and working parts. Another one of these industries is the automotive and aerospace industry. In the automotive industry, designers will be able to print up models. Auto makers have also been able to print parts, and have successfully printed a whole working car. In the future 3D printers will be more common in the average home, because of this consumers will be able to go online and print  up certain types of replacement parts. This will be nice especially when it comes to hard to find or dealer only parts. The same will go for the aerospace industry as far as being able to print models, and replacement parts. NASA will be launching a mission soon were they will be sending a 3D printer in to space, and they will test printing in zero gravity. If they are successful this will mean that they can put a 3D printer on their shuttles and print parts in space. This will cut down on the weight in the shuttles when they launch but still allow them to print supplies while in space. The Military is using this technology the same way. They have started testing 3D printing while in the field. Just like the aerospace industry, the ability to print in the field will cut down on the amount of supplies they have to carry. It will also give them the ability to print and repair vehicles and machinery while out in the field. There are a few problems when it comes to this industry, the main one being weapons. Fully functional guns have been printed, they have done this using materials other than metal. The government and DOD has made it illegal for anyone to print guns, and they have ordered all open source instructions to be removed from the internet. However officials fear that the problem will be that just like music, movies, programs, and other online files that are shared it will not keep these plans out of the hands of people who really want to get them. An exciting industry that this technology is changing is the medical and dental field. Dentist are already using this tech to print dentures using x-rays and scans to perfectly match the patience. In the medical field they have successfully printed bone fragments, more specifically part of a skull and a human jaw bone. Doctors have used these items in patents. In China they have developed a printer that uses human cells. This was made with the intent to one day print human replacement organs. The thought behind this is they would be able to print an organ using your DNA, therefore your body would not reject it, and you would not have to wait as long for a transplant. Doctors have successfully printed a working heart valve, and they expect the FDA to approve usage of these within the next year. The current method is to use heart valves from pigs, and those only have a 3year  lifespan, again by using your cells and DNA to make these parts your body will accept them and they will last longer. I was surprised to hear that this tech is being used in the fashion industry. Designers are using this to print wild looking clothes, shoes, head ware, and jewelry. As printers become more common in our households we will be able to do the same. Imagine being able to go online to a designers web site or even designing your own clothes and printing them up at home. The other nice thing would be the ability to print clothing and accessories that are a custom fit to you. I read an article were a history teacher in Europe used 3D printing to print replicas of ancient Egyptian artifacts so that he could give his class a more hands on approach to learning. I thought how awesome the possibilities will be for education, they will be able to use it for everything from printing supplies to doing what this teacher did and giving students the ability to observe items that we normally would not be able to touch. This would also open up learning opportunities to teach people how to design and use this technology. The opportunities will be endless, especially for the trade schools that deal with architecture, engineering, automotive, art & design, culinary, and many more. The culinary industry was another industry I was surprised to find this tech, however it does make sense. 3D printing is being used now to make elaborate food designs using semi liquids like chocolate and cheese. They are also able to design and print molds for gelatins, and cakes. Just like in the medical field scientist hope to be able to use bio printers to print food like meats, fruits, and veggies. I am not sure how ready we are to eat 3D printed food, but who knows in the future this may become the norm. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing http://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20131031142926-48342529-the-future-of-3d-printing http://www.explainingthefuture.com/3dprinting.html http://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/gartner-3d-printer-market-forecast/

Triple Bottom Lines And Its Different Representations Environmental Sciences Essay

trio force out buoy Lines is a doctrine or manner of believe about sustown(prenominal)ability, akin to the give of merged social duty, it has become solely a mechanism for accounting and c every go forthage. trio fag finale delimitates is frequently championed by people who confine sm altogether dismay of what the social entails although it is meant to hyperki net profitic syndrome societal and environs to the equation ( wienerwurst Vanclay in his human beingsation for University of Tasmania ) .The twofold puke line is diversely described as societal, environmental and stinting macrocosm intromission The triplet git Line ( TBL ) is a lay down that has received official approve as a model for promoting institutional trouble about sustainability ( quoted by open Vanclay in his publication on Triple groundwork Lines construct for University of Tasmania ) .The ternary provide line is made up of societal, sparing and environmental the people, externaliseet, net income phrase was coined for vex by SustainAbility, influenced by twentieth degree centigrade urbanist Patrick Geddes s impression of common people, massage and topographic point.Peoples, proposeet and net income compactly describes the ternary ass lines and the end of sustainability ( Wikipedia ) .Suther knock down shire Council storm to TBL topical anesthetic Government Sector.Beginning www.suthlib.nsw.gov.auCouncil reckon itself as a Triple Bottom Line ( TBL ) administration. The Council s management is to enlist sustainability across stinting, societal and environmental considerations and they prognosticate these ripostes on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours terra firma in the deliberate actions, toils and plans that argon portion of our concern. However, the council recognise that there be unintend environmental, societal and sparing jarsA or by merchandises of the work that they do. Some illustrations al embarrassed inActions, Undertakings and ProgramsPositive ImpactsNegative ImpactsProvision and cargon of Parkss, featuring and society inst all in allationsEncourages healthy and lively biography stylePlaying Fieldss take on irrigating to go a bulky grassInstallation of tax revenue Pollution Traps ( GPTs )Cleaner stormwater run-off which means break up waterways, b separatelyes and wetlandsWaste and environmental contact of make plantsIn my sentiment, the Council has aspiration to progress to sustainability done and by means of ternary chthonianside lines antiaircraft, notwithstanding it fails to study the demand of prospective demands that was re limned as negative impact.Although urine for the parklands, drama countries, sportswoman evidences, and so forth is a turning concern yet, there be state of affairss where councils collect jazzd to guarantee minimal lacrimation to these countries by means of drift weewee hindrance deedss, desalination whole kits, etc. for e.g. Adelaide metropol is has managed irrigating to its parklands by constructing WWTP works and grape lying-ins. Therefore, I do non abide that this is a negative impact cod to exe rationaliseion of sustainability finished ternary lav dishonor.The Sustainability Challenge undertake with Triple Bottom Lines concept/approach by the Irrigation Futures Irrigation Industry.Beginning www.irrigationfutures.org.auAs per Irrigation Futures, the undertaking is to date what sustainability is for irrigation communities around Australia. They understand that this is a response to familiarity demands outright of irrigation industries to non merely disclose environmental public limnation scarce to show attainment through validated and accepted public chip ination steps.Besides, to what I make, their vision is an irrigation persistence that applies triple- tooshie-line coverage for uninterrupted bet margeinal figureent and heighten sustainability.I understand that ternary shag line attack in irrig ation intentness disregard meet long call success by binding symmetry in its public presentation and conceptualise throughing fellowship necessities that is non limited to rural but alike urban countries.Triple Bottom Lines construct from the sustainable Homes.Beginning www.sustainable-homes.org.au/02_ form/triple.htmThe Smart and Sustainable Homes plan sets out to demystify the signifi basince of sustainable living accommodations, which is about making appropriate lodging design for our local clime and environmental scene, the varied lifetime state of affairss we argon likely to constrawman and our budget.Sustainable Homes specialize sustainable lodging asPlanning, planing and edifice homes to do them more socially, environmentally and scotchly responsible for(p). Practically, this means they atomic number 18 more comfy, livable, low-cost, accessible, antiphonal, healthier and cost effectual to populate in over the medium to long-run.I theatrical role agree with the Sustainable Homes on the construct of constructing sustainable places. I observe it is of consequence to construct places that argon sustainable, but it became mindfully hard to construct such places collectable to impact of the Global Financial Crisis. From galore(postnominal) studies conducted by Real Estate communities it was spy that the bargain rate of sustainable places has been decreased.DISCUSS THE PRINCIPLES OF triple BOTTOM LINES, AND HOW THEY ARE REFLECTED IN THE world-wide CONCEPT AND ITS DIFFERENT REPRESENTATIONS IN to a greater extent Specific TERMS.In my position, the on-going social occasion of twirl dispatch scotch, environment and societal constituents of an administration non narrowing to the connection countries, preserve heritage, honest net income system, etc. to accomplish sustainability is the point manage.The tackles of Triple Bottom Lines are aimed to accomplish sustainability non whippy the elements of ternary bottomland lines, susta inable concerns aimed to accomplish economic prosperity and non flexile truth among conjunction groups and the select of environment. Besides, it is regarded that TBL is a give tool for describing sustainability and corporations give acknowledge issues, fancy and unlikeiate community concerns by touch on with community groups and non-government administrations.Social rules that rear end keep equity among community groups, just intervention to the community groups, reinvestment of net incomes in the community groups through charity / undertakings for common unspoiled and suiting all ages of community groups.stinting rules that guarantee honest net income system, concerns pursual with the societal and environment sustainability and mitigate be by utilizing heartiness efficient materials/appliances. milieu rules that control on instinctive stuffs map in edifice & A create from abroad, educate and promote recycling of stuffs, lead down the impact on environment by pul l off emanations and manage performance of toxic points.DISCCUSS THE RELATIONSHIP betwixt deuce-ace BOTTOM LINES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.As define in the class notes, the indexs of sustainability are basically cogitate to economic, environmental and societal, by and pear-shaped known as the three- free radical hit underside lines. However in corporate sphere of influences, Triple underside line is an amalgam of pecuniary consequences and an appraisal of the societal and environmental impacts of a concern or merely People, or stinger and Profits ( Rodger Hill of KPMG ) .The by and macro accepted definition of sustainable festering came from the Brundtland study ( WCED, 1987 ) tuition that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands .The Triple Bottom Lines i.e. economic, environment and societal are the indexs of Sustainable Development. Whereas, the sustainable development is define with the cardinal subjects such as earth options, biodiversity, future coevals, betterment in quality of life, equity surrounded by different groups of people, balance between viing ends i.e. economic, environment and societal, recognition on mutuality within and between all communities, etc.In my position, ternary underside lines are about the impact that an administration / sector / industry is retention on the community to accomplish a sustainable development outlined by the community.Triple Bottom Line attack is one of the cardinal rules in Sustainable Development with former(a) rules such as Humility rule, precautional rule and reversibility rule along with Inter and intra-generation equity, Precautionary rule and preservation of biodiversity that are described in consort intergovernmental understandings.TheA TBL can withal be utilize as a decision-making tool, by sketching in progress the environmental, societal and economic impacts of a undertaking and measuring the undertaking on all these positions before view as up ones minding to travel in front to accomplish sustainable development ( Sutherland shire horse Council, NSW ) .Impact Assessment and the Triple Bottom Line is sustainable development, sustainable environment, sustainable communities, impact on society, the environment, and economic sustainability, economic, environmental and societal sustainability, economic prosperity, environmental quality, and societal justness, economic growing, ecological balance and societal advancement, economic growing, societal advancement and environmental wellness, economic system, environment, equity, net income, people, planet ( or planet, people, net income ) ( paraphrase www.minerals.csiro.au ) .DISCUSS THE APPLICATION OF treble BOTTOM LINES TO SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION.The ternary bottom line construct of sustainability is achieved through the deed of smart design rules at the archaeozoic phases of planning and mental synthesis the place. Making these ratiocinations direct translates to multiple benefits for residents by making a place that is safer, more secure, flexible, comfy, environmentally-friendly and cost-effective over clip ( www.sustainable-homes.org.au ) .A sustainable place expressions like a normal house, but is designed and constructed to include the rules of sustainable design which attempts to equilibrate societal, environmental and economic considerations ( www.sustainable-homes.org.au ) .environmentalI agree that the environmentally sustainable places designed with resource proficiency constituents like piddle, heftiness and use up including solar design characteristics like grammatical construction methodological analysis, airing, shadowing, insularity, dual glazed Windowss, orientation, edifice stuffs, etc. Resource technologicalness equates to life-style benefits for occupants in footings of improved thermic simpleness ( societal sustainability ) and decreased running cost for the place ( economic su stainability ) ( www.sustainable-homes.org.au ) . make and building that are designed affect natural and environmental jeopardies are more sustainable get bying with natural catastrophes, catastrophes, etc. load downing the economic and human loss. image shall besides run into the criterions for CO2 emanations and nursery hitman emanations. howevermore the major environmental issues ascribable to building are defined as planetary heating and minacious clime alteration, air pollution, weewee pollution, godforsaken stuffs, planning, land rule and preservation, nursery gas emanation, etc. purlieual deductions of disposing of building waste can include depletion of natural resources and wastage of energy required to deal forth stuffs. The straits type of waste is soil rubble, followed by concrete-based masonry and clay-based wastes such as bricks and tile that take a shit greater impact than others. For illustration, gypsum plasterboard given over off in landfill produces t oxicant H sulfide ( www.abs.gov.au -AGO 2002d ) .EconomicAppreciated design features including ingestion and production forms of energy, stuffs, waste direction and stupefyance are cardinal in flummox forthing an economical sustainable building.In my sentiment, inclusion of standard design, high energy rated contraptions such as water heating systems based on solar/power, infrigidation, air-conditioning, contraptions, etc. go out cutting down running costs of edifices.I do non hold with the use of slightly low quality local merchandises including edifice stuffs, mechanical and electrical get totures & A adjustments, low energy rated contraptions, etc. that may cut down costs ab initio and during building but result increase the sell costs of edifices. But, incorporation of long life span stuffs that can understate worry costs can be a stem.To maximize economic system in building and cut down the impact of environmental jeopardies the sum of waste shall be managed by tho rough appraisal and identifying stuffs that can be recycled wheresoever practical and economical. Materials intended for recycling are shall be serene individually in order to ha bituate them efficaciously. Use of recycled stuffs like concrete and bricks can be used for puting the shipboard roadstead to the site or even used as a difficult base for machineries like nomadic Cranes alternatively of throw away the stuffs into landfills. On m each occasions, concrete and bricks are crushed into pieces and used as sums to fix howitzer, which is so used to put pavings and non-loading constructions.SocialIn my sentiment, places shall be designed with people in designate and sing the demands such as preventative, security, addition and design for a place that testament carry through the demands for the present and the hereafter. Homes that are designed for people as a nucleus constituent shall carry through demands of people at all phases of lives including impermanent demands. Home s that are easy adaptable to a diverse scope of people demands, safety and their comfort are universally designed. A pleasing aesthetic built environment go away beef up dealingss with the occupants in the community leting safe societal and neighbourhood webs detering offense through inactive surveillance. Building and building affecting this method volition reflect what we have built and what we value.It would be wise to hold balance in proportion of urban countries with poorness community to keep equity in community groups. Social demands such as wellness, instruction, resources, administration, etc. are maintained every bit harmonizing to the proportion of communities.Use A CASE ( OR CASES ) STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE HOW TO USE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION.Case vignette for sustainable development and sustainable building utilizing ternary bottom lines.SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE Addressing Local Needs on Eyre Peninsula( Case vision conducted by SA body of water )PurposeThe long term handiness and security of potable piss on Eyre Peninsula is an of import issue for the prosperity, economic system and quality of life of the communities on Eyre Peninsula. abbreviation of societal sustainabilityIn response to prosecuting with the local communities on Eyre Peninsula to stress future solutions, SA water is trialling a desalination works near Port Lincoln, bring forthing drinkable urine from brackish H2O sourced from the unaccompanied River. The test commenced in January 2003 for an initial 6 month period. Detailed appraisals are being undertaken to measure the long term sustainability of ongoing usage of desalinization as a H2O intervention option.It can be observed that draging a desalinization works by SA water system aims to accomplish an economical and environmental attack towards the end sustainability.In measuring the viability for procuring long term H2O submit for the Eyre Peninsula communities, SA urine is actively undertaking community audience and plump environmental impact appraisals, including the quantification of sustainable outputs from the Tod River and environmental flows for the catchment ecosystem. Of equal importance, is measuring any possible impacts on the Marine environment, especially given the value to the local economic system of the aquaculture and fishing industries.Surveies on environmental impacts including the apprehension of demands for community groups in the Eyre Peninsula stood the chief aim to accomplish societal sustainability.acquirement through societal attackIn chase of a solution which will run into economic, societal and environmental demands for the Eyre Peninsula community now and in the hereafter, SA peeing undertook a Life Cycle Analysis of assorted H2O supply options. The bill of supersede study was received in June 2003 nevertheless, due to the subsequent project of extra related work, the concluding study is due declination 2003. T he analysis will seek to protract and inform SA Water s apprehension of all environmental impacts, in amusing energy usage and environmental impacts of substructure. stopping pointJointly, this work will organize the footing for informing SA Water s way in best helping the Eyre Peninsula community with positive solutions for the long term sustainability of their local H2O supply.From the above it is apparent that SA Water thrived to drag a desalinization works in the Eyre Peninsula to run into the Social demands. This grapevine undertaking with corporate analysis will non merely run into the local demands but besides pull offing the other two rules of ternary underside lines i.e. economic and environmental positions of the undertaking.ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE unexclusive mystic leagues & A original keep stick out sewer water Treatment Plant( Case survey conducted by SA WATER )PurposeThe metropolis of master copy bear is served by a wastewater Treatment Plant ( WWTP ) which was commissioned in 1972, and is approaching its rated capacity. Most of the treated wastewater is unloadd into the nearby Inman River. The intervention procedure is non designed for alimentary decrease and discharge of treated sewer water is holding an menacing consequence on the river environment downriver of the works.DescriptionIn polling future solutions through a community audience procedure, a clear penchant emerged for the resettlement of the outflowing intervention works to a nakedly site and for the saucy works to bring forth a high-quality treated effluent to understate impacts on the Inman River and optimise chances for reuse. As a consequence, in 2001 the Government denote that a intervention works utilizing tissue layer filtration Technology would be constructed at a unsanded site remote from the town. design invention with ternary underside attack has helped the resettlement of WWTP to relieve the impacts on the Inman River and better the status of H2O for reuse.Government besides approved that SA Water see securing the undertaking under a Build, Own, lock and transfer of training ( upsurge ) ask. Under a BOOT narrow, which is consistent with Public Private alliance ( PPP ) structures, the secluded sector is responsible for planing, building, runing and keeping substructure assets to present a service bundle. The contract specifies service speech in end product footings sort of than through a elaborate building specification, thereby leting range for invention and flexibleness. The contract normally entails close capital finance.Analysis of economic sustainabilityUndertakings and such WWTP workss can subroutine the community demands by affecting Public Private Partnership so that they are built to criterions following TBL attack and guaranting all party duty during bringing and operation of Plants.From an unfastened call for looks of involvement, four advocates were invited to raw in middle 2002, ensuing in the choice of U nited Utilities as pet tenderer in February 2003.Formation of the Victor Harbor contract is consistent with PPP Guidelines of the plane section of Treasury and Finance, including comparing of the stamp monetary value with a public sector comparator ( PSC ) . The PSC is the estimated cost of the undertaking in present value footings if SA Water were to ain and pull off the undertaking under the very(prenominal) hazard profile, conditions and public presentation demands as the BOOT contract.In the instance of the Victor Harbor undertaking, the contract solution outputs better value for money than an estimated undertaking solution for the tantamount inhouse service bringing and involves just invention and operational hazard that the private sector is capable of pull offing cost-effectively.Accomplishments with economic sustainability attackThe Victor Harbor WWTP undertaking is a PPP try between SA Water and United Utilities, affecting building and operation of a bracing WWTP to function the community of Victor Harbor. wrench is scheduled to be carried out in 2004-05, for undertaking commissioning by mid 2005.United WaterOn 1 January 1996, United Water commenced a contract to pull off, run and keep SA Water s metropolitan H2O and effluent systems under a fee-for-service agreement.Henry pedestrian EnvironmentalCommissioned in 1997, the Aldinga WWTP was a in private financed BOOT dodging works that was undertake for 25 old ages to the Henry footnote Environmental Group.Riverland WaterUnder a 25-year contract, established in 1996, Riverland Water was commissioned to run 10 H2O filtration workss on behalf of SA Water in regional South Australia. Operation of the workss was under a Build Own Operate Transfer ( BOOT ) dodging.Hydro TasmaniaIn 2001-02, SA Water entered into a joint venture with Hydro Tasmania to put in mini-hydro turbines on Adelaide s H2O scattering system and gaining control renewable energy for usage by SA Water. conclusiveness internali sation of Build, Own, Operate and Transfer ( BOOT ) contract which is consistent with Public Private Partnership ( PPP ) structures, SA Water finalised WWTP undertaking at Victor Harbour that is Economically sustainable / feasible by affecting all parties following with the ternary underside line position.ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Pull offing Environmental Impacts & A the Clare valley Water preparation Scheme( Case survey conducted by SA WATER )PurposeTo provide filtered H2O to the Clare valley townships of Watervale, Penwortham, Sevenhill, Leasingham and Mintaro under $ 34.8 million via the Morgan-Whyalla grapevine.It can be noted that this undertaking will present filtered H2O to the part that is environmentally sustainable as it will carry through the current demands and hereafter every bit dependable.Community needsResidents of these towns have lobbied sequent State authoritiess for decennaries, but a reticulated H2O supply was neer considered feasible. With support from a griculturists in the part for a system which would present H2O for irrigation every bit good as heightening security of supply to Yorke Peninsula, the State Government announced in 2002 the undertaking would travel in front.This determination will heighten the dealingss with community groups as the undertaking was long anticipated, but can function for long term.Provision of filtered H2O to these towns will supplement and assist hold local H2O resources and hike tourism and urban development which is needed to back up economic growing in the part.Understanding the undertakingThe Clare Valley Water Supply Scheme demonstrates SA Water s committedness to the proviso of high quality services consistent with sustainable regional development for South Australian communities. The strategy comprises about 83km of grapevine, 4 ML H2O storage armored combat fomite at Trillians Hill, a supporter watch station near Clare and a new pump station near Mintaro. Water will be supplied from the Riv er Murray to the Clare Valley part within the bing River Murray cap allotments, consistent with a cardinal aim of the National Water Reform Agenda to advance efficiency through traveling H2O to higher(prenominal) value users.Interaction with community groups / administrations subsequently audience with the Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation ( DWLBC ) , the Department for Environment and Heritage ( DEH ) and the Environment Protection Agency ( EPA ) , SA Water had a comprehensive environmental appraisal of the strategy carried out by an independent expert before building commenced. This appraisal indicated that the import of River Murray H2O into the Clare Valley part for usage in irrigation can be managed to avoid possible inauspicious environmental effects. Further proficient probes are proposed to help in maturation the direction regimes for apportioning merchandise H2O usage in each sub-catchment, to understate impacts on ecosystem wellness, land productiv eness, H2O resources and downstream catchments.A series of community information yearss, Council briefings and stakeholder meetings were undertaken to explicate the possible environmental impacts of the strategy.Environmental appraisal through fundamental interaction with community, administrations, building spouses, heritage saving, etc. will assist to understand the undertaking sustainability. work through ternary underside lines attackTo guarantee the on-going protection of local H2O resources in the Clare Valley, a supervise plan has been prepared in concurrence with DWLBC. The bing land and muster H2O monitoring webs are being expanded, including the building of, and trying from, new monitoring Wellss and constitution of new surface H2O monitoring Stationss and in-stream biota monitoring along watercourses in the Clare Valley.With appropriate adaptational direction governments in topographic point, the Clare Valley Water Supply Scheme will supply valuable societal and econom ic benefits to occupants and agriculturists in an environmentally sustainable mode.DecisionSA Water achieved success in developing a reticulated H2O supply undertaking under $ 34.8 million strategy to convey filtered H2O to Clare Valley townships. This undertaking non merely has incorporated environmental sustainability but besides met the economic and societal elements of ternary underside lines by providing filtered H2O to the part and deepen the urban development. To guarantee the ongoing and the future demands of environment sustainability, steps such as land H2O monitoring Wellss, new surface H2O monitoring Stationss and in-stream biology monitoring along watercourses were included in the undertaking.